Grundtvig's Manuscripts Online

N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) has been called the most influential individual in Danish history. Upon his death, he left behind no less than 90,000 handwritten, unpublished pages, in addition to a large body of published works. Today, those manuscripts reside in the N. F. S. Grundtvig Archive at the Royal Danish Library.

The archive has been difficult to access, partly due to its complicated organization and partly because specialized training is required to decipher Grundtvig’s hard-to-read Gothic handwriting. Consequently, research has only sparsely examined the extensive and rich source material.

This project aims to remedy these challenges by establishing the research infrastructure Grundtvig’s Manuscripts Online (GMO) over a 4-year period, making the entire archive publicly accessible in a transcribed and digitally searchable form.

Using a handwriting recognition software called Transkribus, GMO transcribes all the manuscripts in the Archive, a project that was previously considered unfeasible due to the sheer volume of material.

New access to the archive provided by GMO will initiate the final major step for exploring Grundtvig’s life and work.

The infrastructure will appear on the Transkribus consortium’s platforms, where users can see digital images of manuscript pages alongside transcriptions of texts, as in the sample page provided below.

An example of GMO’s current text recognition model, which achieves a recognition rate of 98­–99.5%.

Funding

The project is supported by the Augustinus Foundation and the Aage and Johanne Louis-Hansen Foundation.

Project period: 2024-2028

PI: Associate professor Anders Holm

Cooperation

Grundtvig’s Manuscripts Online has been created in collaboration with the Royal Danish Library.

 

 

 

As a result of GMO, the archive will become:

  • Readable: An accurate transcription generated by Transkribus makes it possible to work with the fascicles, even if one cannot read Grundtvig’s handwriting.
  • User-friendly: An archive guide provides insights into the material groups and patterns of the archive’s divisions.
  • Searchable: Users can effectively explore the archive by searching for topics, names, and years.
  • Research-supportive: Researchers can find texts that illuminate and enhance the existing picture of Grundtvig’s life and writings, including how he used sources and interacted with contemporaries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The archive contains a wealth of previously unknown material that might potentially open numerous new questions in Grundtvig research, such as:

  • How Grundtvig used of Old English literature and imagery,
  • What societal-oriented content appears in his sermons,
  • How Grundtvig became involved in the Schleswig question and minority discussions,
  • How Grundtvig viewed the relationship between the folk high school as a ”school for life” and teaching practical skills.

The platform goes beyond scholarly research. Using GMO, students at all levels can examine unknown material beyond the questions above. And the everyday, curious “detective” will be empowered to conduct investigations according to their interests.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

N.F.S. Grundtvig’s archive was donated to the Danish National Archives in 1890 and transferred to the Royal Danish Library’s Manuscript Collection in 1940. It consists of an estimated 120,000 manuscript pages, catalogued into 565 fascicles (i.e., archive packages). Even though the manuscripts were later repackaged into 200 acid-free boxes for preservation purposes, the division into 565 fascicles has been retained, as Grundtvig research has for decades referred to the contents of the archive using the fascicle numbers from 1 to 565.

Two larger groups within the archive are not included in the project, as they contain material letters written to Grundtvig (fascicles 406-482) and the papers left by his father, Johan Grundtvig (fascicles 536-565). Thus, the project only covers approximately 92,000 pages out of the estimated total of 120,000 pages.

Overall, the archive is divided into the following categories:

Subject Fascicles Pages Proportion
Sermons and ecclesiastical speeches 1-74 32.100 35%
Ecclesiastical writings 75-154 11.000 12%
Philosophical, literary, and political wiritings 155-210 4.700 5%
Historical writings and collections 211-250 8.400 9%
Mythological writings and studies 251-287 3.500 4%
Studies on the Danish language 288-305 3.500 4%
Studies on Anglo-Saxon language and literature 306-331 3.400 4%
School / Pedagogical writings 332-358 1.400 2%
Lectures and speeches 359-379 6.000 7%
Hymns 380-385 3.000 3%
Poetic writings 386-405 8.200 9%
Letters to Grundtvig 406-482 omitted
Personalia (in two series of fascicles) 483-491/500-535 5.200 6%
Historical narratives /Accounts, etc. 492-495 600 1%
Diaries 496-499 1.000 1%
Johan Grundtvig’s papers 536-565 omitted

 

 

 

 

 

 

A series of grants from the L. Zeuthen Memorial Fund and the Danish National Research Foundation enabled a collaboration between the Grundtvig Society of September 8, 1947, and the Danish Language and Literature Society to compile the 30 volume Registry of N.F.S. Grundtvig’s Papers. This work, which took place between 1957 and 1964, reviews the contents of the archive.

In 2012, at the request of the Center for Grundtvig Studies, the registry was digitized and OCR-processed by the Royal Danish Library for use in the Center’s online publication of Grundtvig’s Works. By agreement with the Center, the Royal Danish Library was permitted to retain the files for its own use; this agreement was solidified in September 2020, when the Center generously donated an updated and corrected copy of the files for use in the library’s forthcoming digitization of the archive.

The digitized registry has since been further updated and expanded by the Royal Danish Library, serving as a management tool in connection with the digitization of the archive.

The registry and archive correspond on a 1:1 basis: The fascicles are thus presented in the registry in accordance with their location in the archive, and each fascicle is described using a pre-printed form containing the following 12 metadata fields:

  1. Title (or brief summary of contents)
  2. Paper type (color and any watermarks)
  3. Markings (“I.J.N.” etc.)
  4. Orthography
  5. Other external criteria
  6. Internal criteria (allusions, quotations, etc.)
  7. First line of the manuscript
  8. Last line of the manuscript
  9. Printing or use
  10. Previous researchers’ estimated dating(s)
  11. Number in the bibliography
  12. Content summary

The registry thus covers several aspects of each individual text:

  • Content and subject area (items 1, 6, 12)
  • Identification (items 3, 7, 8)
  • Dating (items 2, 4, 5, 6, 10)
  • Legacy and significance (items 9, 11)

The registry has been compiled by multiple researchers over an extended period and, as a result, there are natural variations in how, and how precisely, the forms have been filled out.

 

 

 

Employees

Name Title Role Telephone E-mail
Holm, Anders Associate professor, Department of Church History Project manager +4535323702 E-mail
Ebdrup, Cathrine Zander PhD fellow, Department of Church History +4535335916 E-mail
Meile, Jakob K.  Special consultant, Special Collections, The Royal Danish Library Managing Editor E-mail
Nissen, Nanna Eva Assistant professorDepartment of Church History Academic Coordinator +4535333482 E-mail
Pedersen, Kim Arne Associate professorDepartment of Church History Subject specialist +4535331918 E-mail

Student assistent, Special Collections, The Royal Danish Library

Name E-mail
Airey, Madeleine Brønden  E-mail
Dimpker, Benedikte Xenia Bjørnshauge  E-mail
Døcker, Louise Marie Reimann  E-mail
Fosner, Ghita Beepat   E-mail
Grove-Rasmussen, Sally  E-mail
Harms, Ellen Inger Fabricius  E-mail
Helligkilde, Malou Egede   E-mail
Jensen, Adrian Kvist   E-mail
Kloth-Jørgensen, Aske   E-mail
Llambias, Maria Gabriela   E-mail